Regulations Limiting Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Natural Gas-fired Generation of Electricity (SOR/2018-261)

CO₂ Emissions

Quantification Methods

Marginal note:Choice of method

12 The quantity of CO₂ emissions resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels in a unit in a calendar year must be determined

• (a) in accordance with section 13 or 14, using a CEMS; or

• (b) in accordance with sections 17 and 18, using a fuel-based method.

Continuous Emission Monitoring System

Marginal note:Unit not combusting biomass

13 Subject to section 15, the quantity of CO₂ emissions resulting from combustion of fossil fuels in a unit that does not combust biomass that is measured using a CEMS must be calculated in accordance with sections 7.1 to 7.7 of the Reference Method.

Marginal note:Unit combusting biomass

• 14 (1) Subject to section 15, the quantity of CO₂ emissions resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels in a unit combusting biomass in a calendar year that is measured using a CEMS must be determined in accordance with the following formula:

  E_u × (V_ff / V_T) – E_s

  where

  E_u

  is the quantity of CO₂ emissions, expressed in tonnes, from the unit, “u”, during the calendar year from the combustion of fuel, as measured by the CEMS, and calculated in accordance with sections 7.1 to 7.7 of the Reference Method;

  V_ff

  is the volume of CO₂ emissions released from combustion of fossil fuel in the unit during the calendar year, expressed in standard m³ and determined in accordance with the following formula:

  

  where

  Q_i

  is the quantity of fossil fuel type “i” combusted in the unit during the calendar year, determined

  • (a) for a gaseous fuel, in the same manner used in the determination of V_f in the formula set out in paragraph 18(1)(a) and expressed in standard m³,

  • (b) for a liquid fuel, in the same manner used in the determination of V_f in the formula set out in paragraph 18(1)(b) and expressed in kL, and

  • (c) for a solid fuel, in the same manner used in the determination of M_f in the formula set out in paragraph 18(1)(c) and expressed in tonnes,

  i

  is the i^th fossil fuel type combusted in the unit during the calendar year, where “i” goes from the number 1 to n and where n is the number of fossil fuels so combusted,

  F_c,i

  is the fuel-specific carbon-based F-factor for each fossil fuel type “i” — being the factor set out in Appendix A of the Reference Method, or for fuels not listed, the one determined in accordance with that Appendix — corrected to be expressed in standard m³ of CO₂/GJ, and

  HHV_i

  is the higher heating value for each fossil fuel type “i” that is measured in accordance with subsection (2), or in the absence of a measured higher heating value, the default higher heating value, set out in column 2 of Schedule 2, for the fuel type, as set out in column 1;

  V_T

  is the volume of CO₂ emissions released from combustion of fuel — fossil fuel and biomass — in the unit during the calendar year determined in accordance with the following formula:

  

  where

  t

  is the t^th hour, where “t” goes from the number 1 to n and where n is the total number of hours during which the unit generated electricity in the calendar year,

  CO_2w,t

  is the average concentration of CO₂ in relation to all gases in the stack emitted from the combustion of fuel in the unit during each hour “t”, during which the unit generated electricity in the calendar year — or, if applicable, a calculation made in accordance with section 7.4 of the Reference Method of that average concentration of CO₂ based on a measurement of the concentration of oxygen (O₂) in those gases in the stack — expressed as a percentage on a wet basis, and

  Q_w,t

  is the average volumetric flow during that hour, measured on a wet basis by the stack gas volumetric flow monitor, expressed in standard m³; and

  E_s

  is the quantity of CO₂ emissions, expressed in tonnes, that is released from the use of sorbent to control the emission of sulphur dioxide from the unit during the calendar year, determined in accordance with the following formula:

  S × R × (44/MM_s)

  where

  S

  is the quantity of sorbent material, such as calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), expressed in tonnes,

  R

  is the stoichiometric ratio, on a mole fraction basis, of CO₂ released on usage of one mole of sorbent material, which is equal to 1 if the sorbent material is CaCO₃, and

  MM_s

  is the molecular mass of the sorbent material, which is equal to 100 if the sorbent material is CaCO₃.

• Marginal note:Higher heating value

  (2) The higher heating value of a fuel is to be measured

  • (a) for a gaseous fuel,

    • (i) in accordance with whichever of the following standards that applies:

      • (A) ASTM D1826 - 94(2017), entitled Standard Test Method for Calorific (Heating) Value of Gases in Natural Gas Range by Continuous Recording Calorimeter,

      • (B) ASTM D3588 - 98(2017), entitled Standard Practice for Calculating Heat Value, Compressibility Factor, and Relative Density of Gaseous Fuels,

      • (C) ASTM D4891 - 13, entitled Standard Test Method for Heating Value of Gases in Natural Gas and Flare Gases Range by Stoichiometric Combustion,

      • (D) Gas Processors Association Standard 2172 - 14, entitled Calculation of Gross Heating Value, Relative Density, Compressibility and Theoretical Hydrocarbon Liquid Content for Natural Gas Mixtures for Custody Transfer, and

      • (E) Gas Processors Association standard 2261 - 13, entitled Analysis for Natural Gas and Similar Gaseous Mixtures by Gas Chromatography, or

    • (ii) by means of a direct measuring device that measures the higher heating value of the fuel, but if the measuring device provides only lower heating values, those lower heating values must be converted to higher heating values; and

  • (b) for a liquid fuel that is

    • (i) an oil or a liquid fuel derived from waste, in accordance with

      • (A) ASTM D240 - 17, entitled Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter, or

      • (B) ASTM D4809 - 13, entitled Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method), and

    • (ii) any other liquid fuel type, in accordance with an applicable ASTM standard for the measurement of the higher heating value of the fuel type or, if no such ASTM standard applies, in accordance with an applicable internationally recognized method.

Marginal note:Multiple CEMS per unit

• 15 (1) For the purposes of sections 13 and 14, the total quantity of CO₂ emissions from a unit equipped with multiple CEMS is determined by adding together the quantity of emissions measured for each CEMS.

• Marginal note:Units sharing common stack

  (2) If a unit is located at a facility where there is one or more other units and a CEMS measures emissions from that unit and other units at a common stack rather than at the exhaust duct of that unit and of each of those other units that brings those emissions to the common stack, then the quantity of emissions attributable to that unit is determined based on the ratio of the heat input of that unit to the total of the heat input of that unit and of all of those other units sharing the common stack in accordance with the following formula:

  

  where

  Q_u,j

  is the quantity of fuel type “j” combusted in that unit “u” during the calendar year, determined

  • (a) for a gaseous fuel, in the same manner as the one used in the determination of V_f in the formula set out in paragraph 18(1)(a) and expressed in standard m³,

  • (b) for a liquid fuel, in the same manner as the one used in the determination of V_f in the formula set out in paragraph 18(1)(b) and expressed in kL, and

  • (c) for a solid fuel, in the same manner as the one used in the determination of M_f in the formula set out in paragraph 18(1)(c) and expressed in tonnes;

  HHV_u,j

  is the higher heating value for each fossil fuel type “j” that is combusted in that unit “u” that is measured in accordance with subsection 14(2), or in the absence of a measured higher heating value, the default higher heating value, set out in column 2 of Schedule 2, for the fuel type, as set out in column 1;

  j

  is the j^th fuel type combusted during the calendar year in a unit where “j” goes from the number 1 to y and where y is the number of those fuel types;

  Q_i,j

  the quantity of fuel type “j” combusted in each unit “i” during the calendar year, determined for a gaseous fuel, a liquid fuel and a solid fuel, respectively, in the manner set out in the description of Q_uj;

  HHV_i,j

  is the higher heating value for each fossil fuel type “j” that is combusted in that unit “i” that is measured in accordance with subsection 14(2), or in the absence of a measured higher heating value, the default higher heating value, set out in column 2 of Schedule 2, for the fuel type, as set out in column 1;

  i

  is the i^th unit, where “i” goes from the number 1 to x, and where x is the number of units that share a common stack; and

  E

  is the quantity of CO₂ emissions, expressed in tonnes, from the combustion of all fuels in all the units that share a common stack during the calendar year, measured by a CEMS at the common stack, and calculated in accordance with sections 7.1 to 7.7 of the Reference Method.

Marginal note:If using a CEMS

• 16 (1) A responsible person who uses a CEMS must ensure compliance with the Reference Method.

• Marginal note:Auditor’s report

  (2) For each calendar year during which the responsible person used a CEMS, they must obtain a report, signed by the auditor, that contains the information required by Schedule 3 and send it to the Minister with the report referred to in section 21.

Fuel-based Method

Marginal note:Quantification

17 The quantity of CO₂ emissions resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels in a unit in a calendar year, that is not measured using a CEMS, is determined by the formula

where

i

is the i^th fossil fuel type that is combusted in the calendar year in a unit, where “i” goes from the number 1 to n and where n is the number of those fossil fuel types;

E_i

is the quantity of CO₂ emissions that is attributable to the combustion of fossil fuels of type “i” in the unit in the calendar year, expressed in tonnes, as determined for that fuel type in accordance with section 18; and

E_s

is the quantity of CO₂ emissions that is released from the sorbent used to control the emission of sulphur dioxide from the unit in the calendar year, expressed in tonnes, as determined by the formula

S × R × (44/MM_s)

where

S

is the quantity of sorbent material, such as calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) , expressed in tonnes,

R

is the stoichiometric ratio, on a mole fraction basis, of CO₂ released on usage of 1 mole of sorbent material, which is equal to 1 if the sorbent material is CaCO₃, and

MM_s

is the molecular mass of the sorbent material, which is equal to 100 if the sorbent material is CaCO₃.

Marginal note:Measured carbon content

• 18 (1) The quantity of CO₂ emissions, that is attributable to the combustion of a fossil fuel in a unit in a calendar year is determined by one of the following formulas, whichever applies:

  • (a) for a gaseous fuel,

    V_f × CC_A × (MM_A/MV_cf) × 3.664 × 0.001

    where

    V_f

    is the volume of the fuel combusted in the calendar year, determined using flow meters, expressed in standard m³,

    CC_A

    is the weighted average of the carbon content of the fuel, determined in accordance with subsection (2), expressed in kg of carbon per kg of the fuel,

    MM_A

    is the average molecular mass of the fuel, determined based on fuel samples taken in accordance with section 19, expressed in kg per kg-mole of the fuel, and

    MV_cf

    is the molar volume conversion factor of 23.645 standard m³ per kg-mole of the fuel at standard conditions;

  • (b) for a liquid fuel,

    V_f × CC_A × 3.664

    where

    V_f

    is the volume of the fuel combusted in the calendar year, determined using flow meters, expressed in kL , and

    CC_A

    is the weighted average of the carbon content of the fuel, determined in accordance with subsection (2), at the same temperature as that used in the determination of V_f, expressed in tonnes of carbon per kL of the fuel; and

  • (c) for a solid fuel,

    M_f × CC_A × 3.664

    where

    M_f

    is the mass of the fuel combusted in the calendar year, determined, as the case may be, on a wet or dry basis using a measuring device, expressed in tonnes, and

    CC_A

    is the weighted average of the carbon content of the fuel, determined in accordance with subsection (2), on the same wet or dry basis as that used in the determination of M_f, expressed in kg of carbon per kg of the fuel.

• Marginal note:Weighted average

  (2) The weighted average “CC_A” referred to in paragraphs (1)(a) to (c) is determined by the formula

  

  where

  CC_i

  is the carbon content of each sample or composite sample, as the case may be, of the fuel for the i^th sampling period, expressed for gaseous fuels, liquid fuels and solid fuels, respectively, in the same unit of measure as that set out in CC_A, as provided by the supplier of the fuel to the responsible person or, if not so provided, as determined by the responsible person in the following manner:

  • (a) for a gaseous fuel,

    • (i) in accordance with whichever of the following standards for the measurement of the carbon content of the fuel that applies:

      • (A) ASTM D1945-14, entitled Standard Test Method for Analysis of Natural Gas by Gas Chromatography,

      • (B) ASTM UOP539-12, entitled Refinery Gas Analysis by Gas Chromatography,

      • (C) ASTM D7833-14, entitled Standard Test Method for Determination of Hydrocarbons and Non-Hydrocarbon Gases in Gaseous Mixtures by Gas Chromatography, and

      • (D) API Technical Report 2572, 1st edition, published in May 2013 and entitled Carbon Content, Sampling, and Calculation, or

    • (ii) by means of a direct measuring device that measures the carbon content of the fuel,

  • (b) for a liquid fuel, in accordance with whichever of the following standards or methods for the measurement of the carbon content of the fuel that applies:

    • (i) API Technical Report 2572, 1st edition, published in May 2013 and entitled Carbon Content, Sampling, and Calculation,

    • (ii) ASTM D5291-16, entitled Standard Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants,

    • (iii) the ASTM standard that applies to the type of fuel, or

    • (iv) if no ASTM standard applies, an applicable internationally recognized method, and

  • (c) for a solid fuel, on the same wet or dry basis as that used in the determination of CC_A, in accordance with,

    • (i) for a solid fuel derived from waste, ASTM E777-08, entitled Standard Test Method for Carbon and Hydrogen in the Analysis Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel, and

    • (ii) for any other solid fuel, the following standard or method for the measurement of the carbon content of the fuel:

      • (A) the ASTM standard that applies to the type of fuel, and

      • (B) if no ASTM standard applies, an applicable internationally recognized method;

  i

  is the i^th sampling period that is referred to in section 19, where “i” goes from the number 1 to n and where n is the number of those sampling periods; and

  Q_i

  is the volume or mass, as the case may be, of the fuel combusted during the i^th sampling period, expressed

  • (a) in standard m³, for a gaseous fuel,

  • (b) in kL, for a liquid fuel, and

  • (c) in tonnes, for a solid fuel, on the same wet or dry basis as that used in the determination of CC_A.